COTTON

Cotton, 
fibers, covering the seeds of cotton. When ripe cotton collect Sc. H. raw (with the fiber to an on seeds). In the primary processing of seed cotton ginning factories consistently separates X. fiber, ie fiber length in more than 20 mm, fluff (lint) - fiber length less than 20 mm, and podpushek (delint) - short fibrous cover less than 5 mm. The share of Kh-fiber accounts for about 1 / 3 of the total mass of H. raw. J. - the cheapest and most common form of textile fibers in the world production of the last, he takes about 50%. 

In the Russian technical literature to the 2 nd half of 19 century. rather than "X." used the term "cotton", which has been preserved to our days in the word "cotton" (cotton, cotton cloth, etc.). In the current technical literature, the word "H." usually use the terms "Kh-fiber" and "H. raw." 

At the spinning mill H. comes in pressed bales of prismatic form. In a mass pressed X. except fibers, suitable for processing various vices H. and weed impurities, which reduces the quality of H, because complicates the process of spinning, reduces the output of yarn and degrades its appearance. Their number in the cotton fiber depends primarily on the method of collecting H. paddy, its primary, as well as the variety of cotton and the conditions for its growth. Vices H. vary by degree of hazard and can be divided into 3 groups. Vices fiber: flagellum (compressed and matted bundles of fibers), and depressed concentrations of immature fibers. These vices are separated in the fiber-razryhlitelno trepalnymi and spinning machines chesalnymi production is mainly transformed into yarn, and only partially fall in waste (waste). Vices ballast: immature and crushed seeds, weed impurities (particles of leaves, boxes, cotton sticks, etc.). In the process of spinning going on their selection in the groove, which reduces the output of yarn and udorozhaet its value. Particularly harmful vices: particle skin seeds from fibers and down, as well as knots (very small concentrations of matted fibers). They trudnootdelimy of H, and will cause increased breakage in the spinning machines and spoils the appearance of produced products. 

Depending on the type of cotton, which was received by H., and significant qualitative grounds - Tonino (thick fibers) H. subdivided into two types: srednevoloknisty and fine (has a long and thin fibers). In the USSR, the proportion of fine-Kh in the total production is about 10% (1976). To obtain use of owls. sort of fine cotton. Sov. H. srednevoloknisty as well and fine, depending on the size of the breaking load and degree of maturity is divided into seven classes: select (0), 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th, 5 th and 6 th . In turn, H. 0-4 th grades divided into eight types depending on the relative breaking load and staple length. Cotton fiber 5 th and 6 th grades of the types are not divided. 

Most H. transform into yarn, and only a small fraction of H. and fluff used for the manufacture of medical, clothing and furniture wool, various products - pads, filters, etc. Pooh and H. podpushek is also in the chemical industry as raw materials, which produce man-made fibers and yarns, tapes, paints, plastics, explosives, etc. 

Of the cotton yarn produced a variety of textiles: fabrics, knitted fabrics, woven materials, sewing threads, cords, ropes, chains, etc. Some also produce textiles of a mixture of X. chemical and natural fibers.

Cotton, cotton, seed cotton fluff fruit (see), is used. Spinning the threads, fabric varied. tissues, prigot. wool, pyroxylin, kollodiuma etc. Under the microscope hairs submitted. splyusnutymi, lentoobraznymi, often twisted, grayish-yellow color, bleaching reached. alkalinity. solutions and the weak. acids, also beliln. lime. At the factory H. sorted, then it is subject to breaking and chesaniyu. Further. operations are directed to the compound and parallelization of fibers, which they attached to form threads on the tape (exhaust) machines fibers are stretched, compressed and square, and then come to the spinning machines. Of paper. yarn mill nankeen, sherting, bumazeya, kembrik, calico, kiseya, canvas, tulle, calico and paper. Velvet and Cotton et al. production is one of the largest. manufacturing industries. In Russia, the overall collection of H. in the Caucasus, sredneaziat. ownership (with Bukharov) -7,5 million. Sq. In 1900 treatment was 730 X. factories and plants (with 400 thousand workers), the number of spindles 6,5 million., Processed 16.2 million. Sq. cotton, the amount of production of 520 million. rubles.

COTTON